NETHERLAND EAST INDIES, 1600-1930

Indonesia History
NETHERLAND EAST INDIES, 1600-1930

3 PHASES

A) Trading stations of the VOC 1602-1795
B) The British interlude and Javanese war 1795-1830
C) The direct colony monopoly 1830-1900
D) Internationalization of the Netherland East Indies, 1900-1930

A) The European scramble for colonies started in south east-asia in the late 16thC, first between the Spaniards and the Portuguese, coming from opposite directions: the spaniards going around Cape Horn at southern tip of the Americas, and the portuguese rounding Africa. Spaniards settled in the Philipines, and Portuguese established several trading posts along the coastlines of India and the islands of Sumatra and Java. They went as far as the island of Timor. But the portuguese domination of the seas was already declining and the time of the Dutch and the British had come. In 1602, a dutch commercial expedition landed on the island of Java and founded the city of Batavia. They encountered a great many number of kingdoms, of which a great number was ruled by muslim kings. Although rulers were muslims, and many had arabic names, most of their populations was not, or practiced synchretic versions of Islam, Bhuddism and Hinduism. In some areas, the population remained and still is to this day, animist.
Dutch investors created the VOC (Vereenidge Oostindische Co), incorporated 1628. This company was made, by royal priviledge, the sole exploiter and exporter of east indian products to europe. The domination of this company over the faith of dutch possessions in south-east asia lasted until the late 18thC, so nearly 200 years.
The dutch had few ressources to sacrifice for maintaining a colony in such a remote place of the world at the time, and this affected the way dutch sovereignty developped on the islands.
Dutch trading posts were mainly established along the coastlines, on the islands of Sumatra and Java, with the exception of the Kingdom of Aceh, which remained an independant kingdom until the late 19thC. The Islland of Borneo, with the exception of the kingdom of Brunei, was nominally part of the territory owned by the VOC, even if most of the island was not more than a handful of western explorers well into the 20thC.
The VOC established direct rule over only a relatively small territory surrounding Batavia. It established relations, often coerced, sometimes gained with flattering and bribes to rulers, that the VOC titled "regent" for the VOC and not deposing them

kingdoms:
Batavia and the Ommelanden + Priangan (south of Ommelanden)

Mataram: split in two, then in three: soerakarta, jogjakarta, Mangkoenegaran (Ruler a man named Mas Said)
Semarang ( A city?), tegal, soerabaja, soerakarta
Soesoehoenan (king)

Bantam (a sultanate)
Sumaters Lampong
Island of Ambon, banda
makassar, Manado

Northeast of Padang: minangkabau

movement of the padriis (from portuguese padre): strict obedience to islamic law (hadjj to mecca: against matriarchial inheritance, cock-fighting, gambling, opium)
Tuanku (religious leaders): tuanku imam bondjol, murder of royal family of minangkabau in 1815
adat?
april 1823: dutch troops slaughtered at Lindau
java war 1825-1830
sultanate of Bone
dutch burn down capital of Bone in 1825
1817, dutch resident at 'fort-duurstede' is killed along with family (saparoepa)
Marthe Christina Tiahagu (Triago)
Matoelesia

Pakoe Alam
cholera epidemic and floods, 1823
taxation
local rulers, dutch
chinese money-lenders, instead of good bartering
population boom

emergence of Pangeran diponegoro, king of sultan hambengkoeboewono III
raised by islamic teachers
studies quran
legend says he have a divine experience in which he is said to burn down java, and that from ashes a new justified rule would rise

java war: 15000 dutch casualties, 200000 javanese

Capital moved from Batavia a few miles away at a place named Weltevreden
modernization and centralization of colonial rule
Governor Herman Willem Daendels, Marschall of Holland (14 jan 1808)
builds, at great cost (in human lives as well) roads into java "Jalan Raya Pos" (Big Mail Road), that goes from Anjer (in west) to Panaroekan(east), dramatically reduces travel-time to batavia: colonial power more easily seen and visible. (19000 mens will work at it)
"coup": redesigns east indies into "prefectures" to wich he assigns.. prefects, to be direct ruler over and above nominal native kings.
unfeodalizes east indies
sell larges estates to private owners, often chinese
taken out to be replaced by governor of south--africa's Cape colony in 1811... but in august the european wars gets to the east indies and the Netheland East Indies fall to the british... (french trooops involved)
liberalisation, private liberties, laicisation (young governor Raffles)
Actually attacks with military forces, court of jogjakarta, and deposes king: first time a european force conquers with miliitary force a jawanese king
discovery, in jungle, of temple or boroboedoer, raffles writes an history of java
but for some strategic purpose, Britain decides to give back East indies to Nethherland at end of european war, only in concession of Cape colony and trading posts in India. Brits promisses not to conquer east indies and not to cross malacca strait. (agreement of London, 13 august 1814, between king of england and king wilelm 1 of Netherland)

sarakat islam
anhu nadlatu ulema
nahdatul ulema
muhammadiyah